The Definition and Purpose of Political Institutions

Political institutions are the organizations in a government which create, enforce, and apply laws. They often mediate conflict, make (governmental) policy on the economy and social systems, and otherwise provide representation for the population. In general, democratic political regimes are divided into two types: presidential (headed by a president) and parliamentary (headed by a parliament). Legislatures built to support the regimes are unicameral (only one house) or bicameral (two houses—for example, a senate and a house of representatives or a house of commons and a house of lords). Party systems can be two-party or multiparty, the parties can be strong or weak depending on their level of internal cohesion. The political institutions are those bodies—parties, legislatures, and heads of state—which make up the whole mechanism of modern governments. Parties, Trade Unions, and Courts In addition, political institutions include political party organizations, trade unions, and the (legal) courts. The term Political Institutions may also refer to the recognized structure of rules and principles within which the above organizations operate, including such concepts as the right to vote, a responsible government, and accountability. Political Institutions, in Brief Political institutions and systems have a direct impact on the business environment and activities of a country. For example, a political system that is straightforward and evolving when it comes to political participation of the people and laser-focused on the well-being of its citizens contributes to positive economic growth in its region. Every society must have a type of political system so it may allocate resources and ongoing procedures appropriately. Along with the same concept, a political institution sets the rules in which an orderly society obeys and ultimately decides and administers the laws for those that do not obey appropriately. Types of Political Systems The political system consists of both politics and government and involves the law, economy, culture and additional social concepts. The most popular political systems that we know of around the world can be reduced to a few simple core concepts. Many additional types of political systems are similar in idea or root, but most tend to surround concepts of: Democracy: A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.Republic: A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.Monarchy:Â  A form of government in which one person reigns, typically a king or a queen. The authority, also known as a crown, is typically inherited.Communism:Â  A system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy. Often, an authoritarian party holds power and state controls are imposed.Dictatorship: A form of government where one person makes the main rules and decisions with absolute power, disregarding input from others. The Function of a Political System In 1960, Almond and Coleman gathered three core functions of a political system which include:Â   To maintain the integration of society by determining norms.To adapt and change elements of social, economic, and religious systems necessary for achieving collective (political) goals.To protect the integrity of the political system from outside threats. In modern day society in the United States, for example, the main function of the two core political parties is seen as a way to represent interest groups and constituents and to create policies while minimizing choices. Overall, the idea is to make legislative processes easier for people to understand and engage with. Political Stability and Veto Players Every government seeks stability, and, without institutions, a democratic political system simply cannot work. Systems need rules to be able to select political actors (the nomination process). The leaders must have fundamental skills about how the political institutions work and there must be rules about how authoritative decisions are made. The institutions constrain political actors by punishing deviations from institutionally prescribed behaviors and rewarding appropriate behavior. Institutions can resolve collection action dilemmas—for example, all governments have a collective interest in reducing carbon emissions, but for individual actors, making a choice for the greater good makes no good sense from an economic standpoint. So, it must be up to the federal government to establish enforceable sanctions. But the main purpose of a political institution is to create and maintain stability. That purpose is made viable by what American political scientist George Tsebelis calls veto players. Tsebelis argues that the number of veto players—people who must agree on a change before it can go forward—makes a significant difference in how easily changes are made. Significant departures from the status quo are impossible when there are too many veto players, with specific ideological distances among them. Agenda setters are those veto players who can say take it or leave it, but they must make proposals to the other veto players that will be acceptable to them. Sources Almond, Gabriel Abraham, and James Smoot Coleman, eds. The Politics of the Developing Areas. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016 (1960). Print.Armingeon, Klaus. Political Institutions. Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Political Science. Eds. Keman, Hans and Jaap J. Woldendrop. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2016. 234–47. Print.Beck, Thorsten, et al. New Tools in Comparative Political Economy: The Database of Political Institutions. The World Bank Economic Review 15.1 (2001): 165–76. Print.Moe, Terry M. Political Institutions: The Neglected Side of the Story. Journal of Law, Economics, Organization 6 (1990): 213–53. Print.Tsebelis, George. Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. Print.Weingast, Barry R. The Economic Role of Political Institutions: Market-Preserving Federalism and Economic Development. Journal of Law, Economics, Organization 11.1 (1995): 1–31. Print.

The Academic Expository Essay - 1191 Words

The Academic Expository Essay The academic expository essay is a genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, talk about the idea, and present an argument concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner. This can be accomplished through: 1. Cause and effect 2. Comparison and contrast 3. Argumentation and various other genres. Please note: Academic essays of cause and effect, comparison and contrast and argumentation are commonly assigned as a tool for classroom evaluation and is often found in various exam formats. The Five-Paragraph Essay A common method for writing an academic expository essay is the five-paragraph approach. This is, however, not the only formula for but many†¦show more content†¦So, higher oil prices produce higher gasoline prices raising the cost of shipping goods. Higher oil prices produce higher jet fuel costs raising the cost of travel, and so on. Higher oil prices is the cause, and increased shipping costs and travel expenses are among the effects. Writing tasks involving cause and effect analysis usually take one of the following forms: * explaining how a known/given cause produces a specific effect or effects (not given) * this essay will present the various effects (not given in question) of unhealthy eating habits (given in question) on children. Questions are often worded in the following ways: What are some implications of...How does...affect...What are the effects of...Present specific results of...List at least 3 repercussions of... | * explaining how a specific effect (given/known) is produced by a specific cause or causes (not given) * this essay lists the three most significant causes (not given in question) for the high failure rate among students at varsity level (given in question). Questions are often worded in the following ways: What has brought about the occurrence of ...What are some of the factors that have lead to...What are the causes of...What are the reasons behind... | Comparing and Contrasting Essays Academic writing tasks also require analysis of similarities and differences betweenShow MoreRelatedHow Personal Responsibility Will Lead to My Success Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibility will lead to my success in and beyond school because it gives me the confidence to succeed, and will lead to a better life for my family and me. Now as to my approach for this paper I am writing this essay according to The Descriptive Essay (2011), The descriptive essay is a genre of essay that asks the student to describe an object, person, place, experience, emotion, situation, etc. This genre encourages the student’s ability to create a written account of a particular experience. 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Martial Law in Philippines Analysis Free Essays

Martial Law in Philippines Angelique M. Musni BSED Physical Science 3-1 Mr. Roel Robles History Analysis October 12, 2012 Martial Law in Philippines I. We will write a custom essay sample on Martial Law in Philippines Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction Martial Law was proclaimed by Ferdinand Marcos the 6th president of the Philippines on September 21, 1972. Dictatorial in which he will able to control, rule, and manipulate people through his power. He was a topnotch law student. Since he argue at the Supreme Court accusing him as a murderer, because of his ability as a sharp shooter. He quickly gained supporters because of winning against it. Even in his love life he considered it as a political. Related article: Reflection Paper About Martial Law He married Former First Lady Imelda Marcos for his own intention. He has his own plan that’s why he proclaimed Martial Law. He wanted to stay as a president for longer time. II. Content In a documentary I watched Garcia (1997). He said that 1969, elections came around when Marcos run for his second term, and that was the dirtiest, fraudulent ever. When that election came rise in dollar out bared. That was the most expensive election. On 1971 after the Plaza Bombing, Filipinos don’t have trust, due to disappointment to Marcos. Marcos opponents in that election won that’s Liberal party in which people who became the victim of Plaza Bombing. On 1972 all of the people contradict to Marcos or his enemies were arrested by police and the military. Including Benigno Aquino became his mortal enemy. Many people arrested. Nobody knows what is happening because all of the media controlled by Marcos all you can hear is just music. The government set Plebiscite to produced new constitution but soon he realized that he might lost because all people are in favor for Benigno and Diokno so he changed it to voting through raising hands, even kids were allowed to vote and then they will going to ask, who wants free food, because of poverty many people will raised they’re hands. Marcos did consult to Richard Nixon about his plan. Richard Nixon didn’t stop him because Richard wanted to prevent the spread of communism. New constitution formed under military rule, whose purpose is only for him. All of the people against him were go to jail, and worst is killed there are also Filipina Women who got raped. Media were being controlled by him, only government can control media only favorable news about them were being reported. At first country showing good economy, but as soon the truth revealed, continuous corruption occurred. People don’t have right to express their freedom. The result of this is the decreasing economy, increasing debts. Support of America Government vanished as they realized that Marcos didn’t works towards democracy. Many Filipino people suffer in this authoritarian government. Armed Forces of the Philippines are the one who accompanied the rule of Marcos. Even his friend Primitivo Mijares chief propagandists on the regime of Martial Law of Marcos, but sooner became the enemy of Kokoy Romualdez, brother of Imelda Marcos. He even breaks off unto regime of Martial Law. Primitivo wrote a book named â€Å"The Conjugal Dictatorship†. He exposed the truth behind Marcos regime. Including his love life affair to an American artist do exposed in the book. Later Mijares disappeared many people believed that Marcos agents at U. S. killed him. Until now the body of him has not been found. Incidents about abusing people don’t reveal on regime of Marcos. All of the media were remained working but they wouldn’t allow to revealed bad side about Marcos. He even abused many people and killed many innocent people. It was being proved that Family Marcos did abuse many people on the contrary they should pay ten thousandths people in return. Until now Marcos Family didn’t accept that they all abused many people Marcos stated that he will make the Philippines a Land reform area, he will going to distribute it on peasants. At the end of his term not more than four percent get their land. He even stole and get some of the companies of Lopez Family, Lopez Family were rich, owning lots of company, Marcos wanted it all, Geny Lopez was accuse to assassinate Marcos that’s why he arrested him. For Geny’s freedom Marcos ask to give the companies to him in return. Lopez, gave what he said, But Marcos didn’t give the freedom for Geny. He fooled Lopez instead. He won his freedom when he escaped from prison. Marcos makes a group consisting of his friends and relatives called Cronies. This group aims to have all the wealth in Philippines. His wife Imelda Marcos did enjoy the luxury of her life, spending money of the government. . Imelda Marcos stated that there were no Filipino’s being executed or murdered at Martial Law times. Imelda Marcos been called as an Iron Butterfly because of her beauty and toughness of steal. She’s been the secret weapon of Marcos. She became the minister of Human Settlements. She signed deals on different country. She even put all up some buildings, many people said that Imelda spent 1 million US dollar, just for her daughter’s wedding. Involve the renovation of the said Church for the wedding after several months due to earthquake the Church collapsed. Another one is the Manila Film Center, this building been rushed for the said occasion. According to the reports the two floors collapse and many construction workers died and even buried on the Film Center, Imelda Marcos denied that there are no people buried at the Film Center she said she never left dead people there. Today Manila Film Center is an empty useless building and now, planned to demolish. For sort of reason U. S America under Jimmy Carter, Marcos push to do the National Assembly Elections. With that Benigno Aquino allowed to run but not to campaign, but he had given a chance to appear on Television on March 10, 1978. With the help of Benigno Aquino and others they formed a new alliance that is against Marcos Regime which was named â€Å"Laban†. They believed that many of their votes won’t be counted so they think that they should make a noise barrage. This noise barrage last for one night. Benigno Aquino didn’t wont at the election because of cheating. The rich Filipino exiles in US make a movement which was called â€Å"Light A Fire Movementâ€Å" and â€Å"April 6 Movement† this aim to strengthen many Filipino’s to write and speak for their freedom. 1918 Philippines economy got weak. U. S. president also changed and that is Ronald Reagen. Santo Papa will visit Philippines so Marcos removed the Martial Law and do the Presidential Election. Marcos won, against his opponent. Through cheating he won and the rumor was Marcos was the one who funded the opponent so that people would believe that was true. Nothing changed when it comes to his power. Marcos forced to give freedom to Benigno Aquino because of his sickness. He’s afraid Benigno Aquino would die in prison and blame by many people. After that, Benigno continue fighting at U. S. Benigno Aquino planned to go home in Philippines but he didn’t allow by Marcos regime, He faked his passport for him to be able to travel. By the time the airplane landed he was shot by the gun. Former Senator Aquino died. Many Filipino’s attended his burial and gave their Sympathy. This Reason made Filipino people to continue and fight for their freedom. This lead to People Power I. Marcos did surrender because of threat that people will kill him. Corazon Aquino wife of Sen. Benigno Aquino, give way for the restoration of Philippine Democracy. III. Analysis In an article I read Bajala (2012). He said that he have fully realized the merciless oppression of the dictator. He has known some of the countless stories to be told by prominent characters and also ordinary individuals of their experiences during one of the dark ages in the Philippine history. He has seen the struggle of the country to regain democracy. Filipinos has fought for it since the past. From the Spaniards, to the Japanese then to the Americans. Filipino had won them all. The Martial Law is never an exception. The people once again showed their love for freedom, both in peaceful and active rebellions. We had shown our unity as we stand for our rights. We will always be fighting of whatever forces that might hinder us from our goal, to live progressively in a democratic nation. Well for me, Marcos is like Hitler who only wants satisfaction with their own self. A very selfish man who doesn’t even try to think about others, even said to people that he want only to serve his own country but revealed that he only want power. Filipino people ones proved that we can overcome many struggle. I have seen that lots of Filipino at Martial Law continued fighting just to get their freedom and regain democracy. Filipino proved that not all Filipino’s became afraid on fighting back their freedom. Even they suffered a lot. They still have hopes to continue. Marcos, became too greed that he doesn’t even think others life. I felt angry to Marcos. And felt Pity for people who abused by Marcos. I am proud of what Benigno Aquino and his wife done in our country. Benigno even made sacrifice also his wife for the democracy of Filipino people. They are heroes. Heroes, who don’t hesitate on helping they’re own fellowmen. They don’t show fear, instead they became brave and make Filipino their inspiration. So we Filipino’s we should protect and give importance to the democracy given us by late Benigno and Cory. They were one’s a Filipino who aims to have a peaceful and prosperity life. We should thank them for what they did. Reference: Garcia, H. ., Apostol, E. ., et al (1997) â€Å"Batas Militar† How to cite Martial Law in Philippines Analysis, Essay examples

Impact of IT on the Uniting care Aging Centre in healthcare industry

Questions: 1.How the business uses IT? 2.How the business maintains and monitors IT? Answers: The need for IT in the business In every business, it needs information technology and the use of the IT drives innovation, which leads to the success of the business (Bates, 2002). The health industry is growing and the use of the manual services could be time consuming and at the same time expensive. Uniting care Aging Centre are growing tremendously especially through offering their services to the elderly and with increase in the number of the patient it would become hard to manage on the large number. It is important for them to implement the clinical system in order to help in the management of the patients (Bates, 2002). It will provide a much faster and reliable services as comparison to the use of the traditional manual services. The use of this clinical system will enable the staff to be able to process a large amount of data in regards to the tourists as comparison to the manual practices that they were used (Bernstein, McCreless and Cote, 2007). There would be saving when it comes to the labor cost paid to the manual workers since everything will be done by the system. The importance of IT for business survival The use of the information technology is important for the survival of the business in various ways. One of the areas, which it is important, is the areas for example the marketing and the growth of the business (Bernstein, McCreless and Cote, 2007). The success of many businesses usually lies to the marketing, which enables the management to identify on the audience who are targeted, highlights on their needs. In the case of the Uniting care Aging Centre, they would be able to target the elderly individuals since their major business services lies to these individuals. The organization through the marketing strategy campaign they could relay the services they offer to enable those individuals who are elderly in the society to be able to get the services (Bernstein, McCreless and Cote, 2007). The information technology is also important to the survival of the business since it helps to improve on the customer support. This organization is aiming in the implementation of the clinical system to be able to improve on the customer services in the health in their facility. The customer would be able to receive support much conveniently through their emails, telephone or perhaps in the social media when they raise any query or a clarification (Bhattacherjee, Hikmet, Menachemi, Kayhan and Brooks, 2006). The use of the information technology will be important to the survival of the aging Centre care since it would help them to make their services as well as process to become efficient. Additionally, to have a competitive edge over the other rivals they need to implement this system. Requirements for using IT in the business When it comes to the application of IT various elements needs to be looked such as the costs, design, planning, installation of the system and the training of the employees. When it comes to the cost, it is significant for the business to identify a system, which is less costly to them without depleting on their resources (Sittig and Singh, 2010). On the aspect of planning, the adopting of the information technology system should be undertaken systematically considering the process for the implementation, which are significant to have an overall performance. Additionally, it is important to design the system that is based on the specification for a given institution and the needs they have for it (Sittig and Singh, 2010). For the Uniting care Aging Centre they needs to improve on the service delivery to the patients and ease the cumbersome issues which they have been using manual processes. The implementation of the clinical system should suits on all their requirements as well as th e nature of the business (Sittig and Singh, 2010). When it comes to the process of installation, it should be done effectively; considerations are to be made to have a backup system in place especially for monitoring and protecting the data of the patients. Moreover, security measures should be considered to protect the data from any kind of breach. In any new system that is in place there should be training of the employees particularly on how to use it, so that it could run smoothly without any glitches or compromise of the data of the clients. 1. The use of the information technology it is helpful in performing of the various tasks. Through use of the database, the information can be managed and stored easily. The Uniting care Aging Centre will be able to store relevant data in their databases of their computer system. The information technology analysis can act as the decision support tools especially in the situation where the problem is not structured. When it comes to this business, it can be used for both the internal use and the external use (Poon, Jha, Christino, Honour, Fernandopulle, Middleton, Newhouse, Leape, Bates, Blumenthal and Kaushal, 2006). Internal use is via the employees who will be using the system to perform their various duties. The use of the information technology enables there is accountability when it comes to the assessment of the quality as well as the planning of the care services they provide. The clinical system they want to implement will do aware with the manual practices, which were time consuming, and they could be replicated much easily. On the external use, the suppliers as well as the clients could use the technology particularly when the suppliers places orders for the medicines or perhaps when the customers book appointment (Sittig and Singh, 2010). It would become easy when to go to the doctors and avoid the long queues, which they would encounter if they went to the institution. Further, the use of the information technology it is able to capture on the transaction data and be able to create a new transaction that is based on the transaction information. Benefits and advantages IT brings to the business Benefits When it comes to the benefits, the Uniting care Aging Centre can harness the information technology in reducing on the cost (Blumenthal, 2009). The use of the information technology infrastructure could help in centralizing of the tasks to one location hence enabling the process to become less cumbersome and tiresome. Additionally, the organization will be able to achieve economic efficiencies via migration of the high cost functions to the online environment. Additional benefit is that the information technology would bring efficiency as well as flexibility (Blumenthal, 2009). The organization acquiring the clinical system will enable it to have a streamlined workflow system that have a shared along with the collaborative work environment, which can help in the achieving of the efficiency as well as flexibility (Bhattacherjee, Hikmet, Menachemi, Kayhan and Brooks, 2006). The information technology can be beneficial to the staff since they can process a lot of work over a short time frame. Advantages Improved patient-management relationship: the health industry has embraced on the social technology in order to improve on the relationship with the client (Sittig and Singh, 2010). Uniting care Aging Centre can build strong relationship between the organization and the client, which will result to competitive advantage to the other rival organization in the sector. The information technology will bring productivity to the business. The use of the clinical system in Uniting care Aging Centre will enable the staff to collaborate much efficiently, in every department (Devaraj and Kohli, 2003). Additionally, it would enable the automation of the many mundane of the business duties, thus enabling the workers to be able to concentrate to duties, which are significant. Better communication to the business: the connection of the various devices to the system would enable the workers to become connected whenever they go, hence this would help reduce on the time, which is taken particularly when a meeting has been called, or an emergency has happened (Shekelle, Morton and Keeler, 2006). Types of risks IT brings to the business The implementation of the clinical system for the Uniting care Aging Centre may have some risks, which could impact on the business negatively. Below are some of the risk, which could be experienced in this business. Security breach: this could happen when an attacker introduces a malware or perhaps a virus to the system and steal some data. When the patients data has been compromised, it could reflect a negative image to the organization (Devaraj and Kohli, 2003). Other issues related to the breach is corporate espionage particularly when a member of the staff releases patients data online. This become a risk issue when this data falls on the wrong hands. Online fraud: There could be frauds, which could be brought about the information technology se when managing information in the healthcare industry (Goh, Gao and Agarwal, 2011). Some of the practices Uniting care Aging Centre may face is when an individual steals access to the patient account, which do not belong to them and manipulate on that data. Loss of data: This may happen especially when the employees within Uniting care Aging Centre are not well equipped with the skills to handle the system that has been implemented (Sittig and Singh, 2010). Loss of client data could result to loss of the clients, which could impact on the business negatively later on. 2. In every business, it has its own unique way as well as requirement when it comes to implementation of the information technology (Goldschmidt, 2005). The best practice of maintaining and monitoring on the information technology would be having an accessible plan. It is important for an organization such as Uniting care Aging Centre to have a security information technology monitoring hardware. This helps to mitigate on the security breach as well as other vulnerabilities (Mun, Jackson, Park and Probst, 2006). Additionally, it is significant to have a backup system for monitoring of the information technology system to enable that the information, is protected. The Aging health care Centre they need to have an implementation plan to prevent any shortcoming such as the data breach (Goldschmidt, 2005). The implementation plan could contain aspect such as how they could define their accessibility of technology strategies, requirements, the designing as well as developing system and m aintenance (Blumenthal, 2009). This will only be achieved if they are in continue to learn on the processes. Installation of the anti-virus could also be significant to the computers to make sure they are all protected from any form of attacks or perhaps spams. Conclusion In this report, I have discussed on the impacts of the information technology in Uniting care Aging Centre. I have realized the information technology plays an important role in the healthcare industry both negatively and positively. In summary, have learnt that presence of innovation in the business is significant to enable it survive in this digital age. The path to succeed in the business using innovation relates to doing something different, and better to be able to make difference to the value and be productive. The use of information technology has impacted the businesses over the last decades and many organizations are adopting the use of IT. Currently, in many businesses they have incorporated the information technology to their systematic planning, real time monitoring and the customer support to be able to optimize on the efficiency. The adoption of the information technology in the business is both cost effective, it is also an opportunity to the business to optimize on th eir resources more efficiently, and the overall output increases. Information technology can also enable the business to solve complex problems in the business and it offers platform such as digital marketing, which could help the business to market on their products as well as the services. Examples of other applications in the information technology is the use of the cloud computing that would enable the business to become a global leader, and they enable to manage as well as monitor on all the activities of the organization. The Uniting care Aging Centre felt the need to adopt on the clinical system for their business because of pre-dominate, manual as well as the inconsistent processes and practices that were cumbersome. IT has enabled then to manage their duties much quicker and serve the patient effectively. In this research, it has showed how the information technology has influenced the Uniting care Aging Centre business. References Bates, D.W., 2002. The quality case for information technology in healthcare. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 2(1), p.7. Bernstein, M.L., McCreless, T. and Cote, M.J., 2007. Five constants of information technology adoption in healthcare. Hospital Topics, 85(1), pp.17-25. Bhattacherjee, A., Hikmet, N., Menachemi, N., Kayhan, V.O. and Brooks, R.G., 2006. The differential performance effects of healthcare information technology adoption. Information Systems Management, 24(1), pp.5-14. Blumenthal, D., 2009. Stimulating the adoption of health information technology. New England journal of medicine, 360(15), pp.1477-1479. Devaraj, S. and Kohli, R., 2003. Performance impacts of information technology: Is actual usage the missing link? Management science, 49(3), pp.273-289 Dwivedi, A., Bali, R.K., James, A.E., Naguib, R.N.G. and Johnston, D., 2002. Merger of knowledge management and information technology in healthcare: Opportunities and challenges. In Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2002. IEEE CCECE 2002. Canadian Conference on (Vol. 2, pp. 1194-1199). IEEE. Goh, J.M., Gao, G. and Agarwal, R., 2011. Evolving work routines: Adaptive routinization of information technology in healthcare. Information Systems Research, 22(3), pp.565-585. Goldschmidt, P.G., 2005. HIT and MIS: implications of health information technology and medical information systems. Communications of the ACM, 48(10), pp.68-74. Mun, Y.Y., Jackson, J.D., Park, J.S. and Probst, J.C., 2006. Understanding information technology acceptance by individual professionals: Toward an integrative view. Information Management, 43(3), pp.350-363. Poon, E.G., Jha, A.K., Christino, M., Honour, M.M., Fernandopulle, R., Middleton, B., Newhouse, J., Leape, L., Bates, D.W., Blumenthal, D. and Kaushal, R., 2006. Assessing the level of healthcare information technology adoption in the United States: a snapshot. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 6(1), p.1. Shekelle, P., Morton, S.C. and Keeler, E.B., 2006. Costs and benefits of health information technology. Skinner, R.I., 2003. The value of information technology in healthcare/reply. Frontiers of health services management, 19(3), p.3. Sittig, D.F. and Singh, H., 2010. A new sociotechnical model for studying health information technology in complex adaptive healthcare systems. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 19(Suppl 3), pp.i68-i74.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart free essay sample

Analysis Being an admirer of the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, I chose to analyze Mozart Symphony No. 40 In G Minor. An early analyst and critic of Mozart music, Otto Kahn called the Symphony No. 40 a symphony of pain and lamentation. Another critic said it was nothing but joy and animation (Kramer 480). While these two remarks may be used as extreme ways to interpret the symphony, its character and mood are captivating and touching. The standard instrumentation for this piece includes woodwinds (flutes, oboes, clarinets, and bassoons), strings (violins, violas, cellos, and basses), and brass (horns),The instrumentation does not include any percussion or heavy brass. The horns are used sparingly, only to add density to the tone or emphasize the crescendos and sopranos. The symphony Itself Is comprised of four movements: Movement One Molt allegro Movement Two Andante Movement Three Allegretto Movement Four Allegro assai The first movement of the symphony opens In a minor key with a piano but agitated principal theme that repeats Itself throughout the movement. We will write a custom essay sample on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Such an opening Is not a usual one; a listener may have expected some sort of an Introduction to precede such a theme, but Mozart decides to omit any prelude, thereby establishing a certain feeling of restlessness or anxiety. The first movement exhibits frequent interchanges between piano and forte. Of all the sections of the first movement, only the development is played in a major key with distinct motion. This, combined with other expressive elements, further contributes to the movements general uneasy mood. The meter here is duple simple, and it remains constant throughout the movement. The first movement is presented in the Sonata-allegro form, with a mitotic structure laity In the principal theme, and a homophobic texture. Obediently following the sonata plan, Mozart slows down his second movement to andante. Violas play the principal theme and are later Joined by the first and second violins, imitating one another. The dominating strings maintain dynamics within movement is duple compound, and like in the first movement, this one is composed in sonata-allegro form.Homophobic accompaniment in an E-flat tonality supports a Med-range, but conjunct-motion melody that is characterized by regular periodic structures. Ere third movement is in triple simple meter with the orchestra once again nominated by the strings. The minuet and trio form naturally divides the movement into three sections with different keys, dynamics, and a dad capo. The minuet section and its a dad capo are played forte and in a minor key, while the trio is piano and in a major key. The tempo remains allegretto throughout the entire movement.Unlike the second movement, the motion of the melody is distinct and wide-range, structured n regular periods. The movement begins in a G minor tonality and then changes to G major. The texture remains homophobic throughout the entire movement. He final movement of the symphony is again dominated by the strings. The tempo of this movement is allegro assai, which combined with distinct melodic motion in the portions played forte, maintains the stressful, nervous mood of the symphony. These sections are interchanged by ones played piano and adagio, with a narrow melodic range and conjunct motion.This movement is composed in sonata-allegro form with duple simple meter. The motion is mostly conjunct, except for sections played presto, where the motion is distinct and the range is wide. The tonality of this vehement is G minor, and the texture is homophobic. II. Composer background. At the time of this symphonys composition, in the first half of 1788 when Mozart creative powers were at their peak, his everyday life suddenly began to deteriorate. Although he had recently been appointed a composer to the Court of Emperor Joseph II, the salary was meager and the duties were light.Two or three years previously Mozart concert schedule was busy and an abundance of students provided him Ninth an adequate income. He had triumphed in Prague with The Marriage of Figaro in 1786 and Don Giovanni in 1787. Now his fortunes went into a slump. When Don Giovanni was performed for the first time in Vienna, on the 7th of May, 1788, it aroused mixed reactions. Although it was given fifteen times that year, it does not seem to have been regarded as a success in Vienna. In the spring of 1788 Mozart could not obtain enough subscribers to a set of three string quintets, and the projected publication was postponed and then abandoned.In June Mozart planned a series of public concerts, but these apparently did not occur. After 1788, Mozart Mould never again perform a public concert in Vienna, and his desperate financial tuition made him write letters to relatives and friends, asking for money (Brooder Nevertheless, Mozart continued to compose with his characteristic and inspiration. Ere failures of his performances and the consequent financial hardships took a recognition, however, did not stop Mozart from writing. Mozart composed his last three symphonies (Nose. 39, 40, and 41) in only two months, without commission or payment.Furthermore, at least two of these symphonies were never performed during his lifetime. As to why they were not performed, some people believe that Mozart had such an intense inner need to express himself that he could not wait for tarot from whom to charge commission. Perhaps these were the circumstances that inspired such a feeling of insecurity, anxiety, and urgency in Symphony No. 40. Ere composer needed success, recognition, and simply money. IV. Personal Reaction. On a personal level, I was also inspired with the same unexplained feeling of urgency and anxiety while listening to this symphony. The first movement creates this mood Ninth its very first motive. However, it seemed hard for me to follow through the entire piece without having lost some of this impression to the more subdued second and hire movements. Perhaps Mozart emotions at the time were too complex for me to understand at this point; after all, these two movements were not composed Just to fill the void between the first and the last movements. But maybe Mozart knew that the listeners would be exhausted if the same mood prevailed throughout the entire symphony. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart free essay sample Of these letters only one of them Is written to Nearly; the rest are to a dear friend of Mozart, Michael Bugbear. Interestingly enough Mozart begins all of his letters to Michael delicately and affectionately with brother, Brother of Order, or beloved friend which we know from the past is Mozart way of getting on somebodys good side before asking for something. After the greeting, the body of all of these letters appears to follow a basic format: starting out with a high feeling of dignity or self-confidence, and ending tit pleas for financial backing or help.The letters, amounting to twenty between 1 788 and Mozart death (Keys 206), only afforded Mozart an estimated 141 5 florins. This can be compared to the near 3000 gulden that he had borrowed from many people by his death in 1791. Mozart met Michael back in his freemason days; they worked together for the same company. Michael became very wealthy when he inherited the textile manufacturing business that he was working for. We will write a custom essay sample on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mozart near constant pleas for money were sometimes granted, but not all of the time. Unfortunately.Mozart never made enough money before his death to be able to fully pay Michael back for all of his help. However, as a small form of compensation, Mozart would occasionally send Michael compositions and even dedicated one of his piano symphonies to him. Michael was such a good friend of the family, that it has been said that he continued to help Castanet out with family and financial problems after Mozart death. Eventually, it becomes rather obvious that Mozart can barely support his family, let alone pay back anyone who lends him money.Because of this, e loses nearly all of the flannel credibility that he once had. He reaches an economic low point and runs into a great crisis when his landlord demanded immediate payment of arrears in June of 1788. Mozart turns to Bugbear, asking him for the money and promising a return payment within a year or two with one or two thousand gulden, at a suitable rate. Michael realizes that Mozart needs to work through this problem on his own and therefore refuses to lend him the money. Because of this, Mozart winds up having to pack up both his family and belongings and move too suburb in Warring.Here, Mozart lives in a much smaller house than the one in Vienna. During these next few months it can be said that Mozart suffers an air of withdrawal from Vienna and its music life. Not only was Mozart facing an economic hardship at this time, but there was also quite a bit of commotion going on in his family life too. Taking a look at the past few years of Mozart life it can be seen that In 1786 his wife gave birth tonal lost a son and In 1787 he lost 3 of his close that was born to this couple, Theresa Connotations, passes away in June.This was less than a year after the child was born. The baby girl was buried in the Warring cemetery, right near the familys new home. On top of all of this, Mozart health was still declining from his re-infection of what doctors assumed to be SSH (Schooners- Hence Syndrome) in mid April if 1787. It seems that nothing here could really pull him out of his rut enough to get better. Eventually though, he got his life back together enough that he moved back to Vienna in late 1788 to early 1789 in hopes of again finding better luck.Moving on, Mozart professional life seems to be quite uneventful during 1787. Mozart seems to withdraw himself from society. One author even stated that in the autumn and winter so little appears to be happening that one begins to wonder how Mozart spends his days(unknown). Looking at the list of works that he finished in 1788 it can pretty much be inferred that he is spending most of his time at home composing. This raises the question of who Mozart was doing all of this composing for.Looking at commissions, it can be seen that there really are not any; along the lines of employment, activity seems to be kept at a minimal; publishing also appears o have been kept rather stagnant; and performances seemed to be the only small thing that Mozart was falling back on. Joseph Starter died in 1787 and Mozart was appointed his role of the director of Sweeties oratorio concerts. In fact, Barron van Sweeten liked what Mozart was doing so much that he had Wolfgang add to and alter Handels piece Accusing Galatea in November of 1788.The piece came out so well that Sweeten decides to have Mozart do the same thing to a couple of other pieces later on in his life. Also during this year a virtual collapse in Mozart concert audience an be seen throughout his performances. On top of that, not only were his subscription attempts in June of this year a failure, but his subsequent promotions did not seem to far any better. When the performances from 1788 are assayed we find that Mozart mainly covers someone elses pieces along with performing one of his operas.The piece that he conducted is C. P. E. Bachs Die Furthering undo Hammertoe Jesus that is performed on March fourth. The opera that is put on was one that Mozart had written Just a year before: Don Giovanni. Although it has been reformed previously in other locations, this is the first time that it is to be seen by a Vienna audience. Unfortunately though, it only has fourteen or fifteen showings before it is no more. The Emperor attends the last showing and declares it good, but unfit for his people (Keys 210). The score for this opera is so well written that it causes Hayden to react to a circle of aristocratic musical amateurs that were disputing over Mozart Vienna opera with: l cannot settle this quarrel, but I know this, that Mozart is the greatest composer now living in the world (unknown). Possibly the best and most incredible thing to come out of this year in Mozart life is the composition of his last three piano symphonies within a time frame of only six weeks.This task alone is outstanding, but what makes it even more amazing is that he managed to produce such a strong trilogy despite all of the personal problems that he is having. It is now known that these pieces were not commissioned, but why were they written? One possible explanation for the pieces is Mozart great need for time in his life between June 26 and August 10 he was in such a financial bind that e was pawning his belongings to keep the family alive (Keys 206).Between Mozart declining health and his poor finances, it is becoming clear that the end off great man is nearing. 1788 was a year of struggle, but Mozart stood up against his hardships as much as he could to prove that he was not Just going to Match his life get taken from him. Although none of this effort can be seen financially, his strength can be seen in all of the pieces that he finished in this year alone. Mozart valiant efforts over this years struggles illustrate what a truly hard Morning and dedicated man he was. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart free essay sample Mozart Mozart is truly the most remarkable composer who ever lived. He composed In the classical style and there Is no other composer to fairly compare him to. Although he died at the age of 35, he left the world with more than 600 of the most amazing compositions ever written, Throughout his life, he composed with an ease of melody and a blend of grace and precision that arguable no one has ever excelled (Ducker 478). He was an amazing musician and composer whose legend continues to grow more than two and a half centuries after his death.Mozart was a musical child- Roding, writing his first minuet at the age of five. At the age of six, he began composing complicated and serious musical works and in the same year gave his first harpsichord concert. His first symphony was written when he was only eight years old and his first opera when he was twelve. We will write a custom essay sample on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salisbury, Austria in January of 1756 to Leopold and Anna Maria Pertly. Leopold Mozart was a respected and successful violinist and composer for the Archbishop of Salisbury. He was also an experienced teacher and taught young Wolfgang to play the clavier at the tender age of three.By the age of four, he had developed such an amazing talent for remembering musical pieces, that Leopold began teaching him to play the harpsichord. Wolfgang was a quick learner and within a year he was composing serious pieces of music. Beginning in 1762, Wolfgang and his sister Maria Anna, affectionately nicknamed Manner, went on a musical tour throughout Europe with their parents. They visited some of Rupees largest and most culture-rich cities and performed small concerts for groups of royalty and nobility. Wherever they played, their audience was overwhelmed with their extraordinary talents.For two young children, they were extremely talented but Wolfgang certainly stood out from the pair. This was partially due to his age, his unusual talent, and his fathers strict and unrelenting instruction, but it was also due to the time period in which they lived. During the classical period, women had a harder time finding respect, not to mention work, as musicians and composers. Although Manner composed wonderful pieces of her own, even Wolfgang once wrote In a letter to her, l have been quite astonished that you can compose so beautifully (Gay 18). And although Leopold was immensely proud of both of his childrens musical talents and accomplishments, he was often heard saying that his son was a prodigy of nature (Gay 12). It can easily be accepted that he was a prodigy. By the time Wolfgang was a teenager, he had mastered the harpsichord, violin and pianoforte, as well as the sonata and symphony and was writing keyboard pieces, oratorios, solos, and operas. Up until 1768 the Mozart family continued taking musical tours throughout Europe. During this time Wolfgang continued composing.While on tour in Paris, he published his first works, our sonatas for the clavier with violin accompaniment. He also composed his first opera, La Flat Someplace, which he played In a public performance the following year in his hometown of Salisbury. Between 1769 and 1771, Wolfgang and his father traveled together on three tours In Italy, leaving Manner and Anna Marl at home. While in Italy, Wolfgang wrote several new operas, Intimidate RI De Pont, Occasion in also in Rome, Italy that Mozart heard for the first and only time Gregory Allegros Miseries performance in the Sistine Chapel then wrote it out in its entirety from Emory, only returning to correct minor errors; thus producing the first illegal copy of this closely-guarded property of the Vatican (Wisped). In 1773 they returned home from their last tour in Italy. By this time, Wolfgang had written more than two dozen symphonies in his traditional classical style and his true genius as a symphonists had emerged (Gay 16). Once home, he found work as a court musician for the ruler of Salisbury.During this time he composed many works including five violin concertos, which were the only violin concertos he ever wrote. But in a short amount f time, he came to be dissatisfied with that position. He was unhappy with the salary, which was only 150 florins per year, and the position did not allow him to express himself as fully as he liked (Wisped). He was interested in composing operas but the Salisbury audience was not interested in operas. So Wolfgang began searching for employment away from Salisbury.For the next few years he traveled to large cities such as Vienna, Munich, Anaheim and Paris searching for a position that suited him. It was on his trip to Paris with his mother in 1778 that she became ill and died. In 1781 he found work as a pianist and composer in Vienna. His works Mere widely accepted and appreciated by his Viennese audiences and he achieved a reputation as an accomplished composer. It was also in Vienna that he reacquainted himself with Constance Weber, a childhood friend and the daughter of Loopholes long-time friend, Franklin Weber.In August 1782, Wolfgang married Constance against his fathers vehement objections. The couple had a total of six children although only two boys survived infancy, Karl Thomas Mozart and Franz Xavier Knolling Mozart. Shortly after the birth of their first child, Karl Thomas, Wolfgang Egan working on his famous opera, The Marriage of Figaro, which premiered in Vienna in 1786 followed by a popular showing in Prague. The following year, he completed Don Giovanni which was also widely accepted in both cities.Both of these operas Are considered among Mozart most important works and are mainstays of the operatic repertoire today (Wisped). Prior to Wolfgang marriage and for a few [ears after, he had tried to find work under a permanent patron who would respect and praise his work and one which would guarantee a large and steady income. But t was not until December of 1787 that he finally obtained a steady post under aristocratic patronage from Emperor Joseph II who appointed him as his chamber composer. However, this was not a full-time position and his compensation was only 300 florins per year although it merely required him to compose dances for the annual balls in the Hoofers Imperial Palace. By 1788, his career and income started steady decline. It is believed that he began suffering from bouts of depression and he rarely performed in public. However, he was not idle during his last years. In fact, during this time E wrote a great deal of music, including some of his most admired works: the opera The Magic Flute, the final piano concerto (K. 95 in B flat), the Clarinet Concerto (K. 622), the last in his great series of string quintets (K. 614 in E flat), the motet Eave verve corpus (K. 618), and the unfinished Requiem (K. 526)(Wisped). In September of 1791, while visiting Prague, Wolfgang fell ill. Toward the end of November his condition had worsened so much that he was Constance, her younger sister Sophie and the family doctor, but all was in vain. He died in the early morning hours of December 5, 1791. Today there is no headstone or rake to identify where the great composer was laid to rest.Some historians have speculated that the Mozart family was so poor that they could not afford a proper burial. However, a simple burial was actually a sign of the times. Funerals were not elaborate, celebrated events. Instead, they were quiet, solemn and low-key. He was buried as any of his fellow Viennese countrymen would have been buried-in a common grave. But there are even more questions surrounding his death; primarily how he died. Rumors abound from trichinosis (a parasitic disease contracted from eating under-cooked pork) to influenza, mercury poisoning, or rheumatic fever Wisped).

Government Intervention of the Internet Essays - Free Essays

Government Intervention of the Internet Essays - Free Essays Government Intervention of the Internet Computer Science Government Intervention of the Internet During the past decade, our society has become based solely on the ability to move large amounts of information across large distances quickly. Computerization has influenced everyone's life. The natural evolution of computers and this need for ultra-fast communications has caused a global network of interconnected computers to develop. This global net allows a person to send E-mail across the world in mere fractions of a second, and enables even the common person to access information world-wide. With advances such as software that allows users with a sound card to use the Internet as a carrier for long distance voice calls and video conferencing, this network is key to the future of the knowledge society. At present, this net is the epitome of the first amendment: free speech. It is a place where people can speak their mind without being reprimanded for what they say, or how they choose to say it. The key to the world-wide success of the Internet is its protection of free speech, not only in America, but in other countries where free speech is not protected by a constitution. To be found on the Internet is a huge collection of obscene graphics, Anarchists' cookbooks and countless other things that offend some people. With over 30 million Internet users in the U.S. alone (only 3 million of which surf the net from home), everything is bound to offend someone. The newest wave of laws floating through law making bodies around the world threatens to stifle this area of spontaneity. Recently, Congress has been considering passing laws that will make it a crime punishable by jail to send "vulgar" language over the net, and to export encryption software. No matter how small, any attempt at government intervention in the Internet will stifle the greatest communication innovation of this century. The government wants to maintain control over this new form of communication, and they are trying to use the protection of children as a smoke screen to pass laws that will allow them to regulate and censor the Internet, while banning techniques that could eliminate the need for regulation. Censorship of the Internet threatens to destroy its freelance atmosphere, while wide spread encryption could help prevent the need for government intervention. The current body of laws existing today in America does not apply well to the Internet. Is the Internet like a bookstore, where servers cannot be expected to review every title? Is it like a phone company who must ignore what it carries because of privacy? Is it like a broadcasting medium, where the government monitors what is broadcast? The trouble is that the Internet can be all or none of these things depending on how it's used. The Internet cannot be viewed as one type of transfer medium under current broadcast definitions. The Internet differs from broadcasting media in that one cannot just happen upon a vulgar site without first entering a complicated address, or following a link from another source. "The Internet is much more like going into a book store and choosing to look at adult magazines." (Miller 75). Jim Exon, a democratic senator from Nebraska, wants to pass a decency bill regulating the Internet. If the bill passes, certain commercial servers that post pictures of unclad beings, like those run by Penthouse or Playboy, would of course be shut down immediately or risk prosecution. The same goes for any amateur web site that features nudity, sex talk, or rough language. Posting any dirty words in a Usenet discussion group, which occurs routinely, could make one liable for a $50,000 fine and six months in jail. Even worse, if a magazine that commonly runs some of those nasty words in its pages, The New Yorker for instance, decided to post its contents on-line, its leaders would be held responsible for a $100,000 fine and two years in jail. Why does it suddenly become illegal to post something that has been legal for years in print? Exon's bill apparently would also "criminalize private mail," ... "I can call my brother on the phone and say anythingbut if I say it on the Internet, it's illegal" (Levy 53). Congress, in their pursuit of regulations, seems to have overlooked the fact that the majority of the adult material on the Internet comes from overseas.

Communication Challenges to Managers in Global Virtual Teams Research Paper

Communication Challenges to Managers in Global Virtual Teams - Research Paper Example It is therefore important to study and understand the connection between communication and performance of virtual teams. Jointly, trust and communication vastly influence performance of members of virtual teams. In any kind of team, members are likely to differ in ideologies as well as ambitions, which can be challenging to managers managing such teams. In global virtue teams, the challenges are severe since the teams comprise of members from different nationalities characterized by cultural as well as technological differences. Being a leader of a global virtual team is challenging and it requires excellent management skills. This paper focuses on communication as one of the crucial challenges for managers in global virtual teams, because of differences in their national culture and technology structure. Challenges posed by geographical separation include lack of synergy. Another challenge that managers of global virtual teams face is inability to identify the talents of their employees thus might end up employing a less diverse team. Virtual teams permit organizations to expand their territories thus employ individuals from different backgrounds. However, challenges may arise in the management of virtual teams resulting in ineffectiveness (Mirjaliisa, 2007; Sarker, Ajuja, Sarker, & Kirkeby, 2011). The challenges could be related to several factors. Leadership style is the major challenge. Managers should thus ensure that their leading strategies are in line with the team members’ anticipation. This can be made possible by switching between the different leadership styles depending on the situation at hand (Johri, 2010; Shachaf, & Hara, 2007; Shachaf, 2008; Dorothy, Kayworth, & Mora-Tavarez, 2010; Karen, 2008). The other challenge is the building of trust. The geographical separation often results in a feeling of alienation, which makes it hard to develop strong relationships amongst team members. The lack